Reading Achievement And Difficulties Of Students Essay

I.  ¬Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the present study. First, reading achievement and difficulties of students who are d/Deaf and hard of hearing (d/Dhh) are discussed. Second, it justifies the theoretical framework of the study with three primary sources: Simple View of Reading (Gough Tunmer, 1986; Hoover Gough, 1990), the National Reading Panel (NRP, 2000), and the Qualitative Similarity Hypothesis (QSH) (Paul, Wang, Williams, 2013). Next, Visual Phonics is explained. Then this chapter introduces the purpose of the study and proposes three research questions. It also briefly discusses the research methodology for gathering data relevant to the questions. The last part of the chapter provides details about the key terms of the study. a. Reading Achievement of d/Dhh Students Reading is an essential skill for social life and academic success. Learning to read is a complex process. Some students learn to read effortlessly, but others find it difficult. Reading difficulties of d/Dhh students are well documented. Most students with severe to profound hearing loss graduate from a high school with approximately a fourth-grade reading level (Paul, 2009; Paul, Wang, Williams, 2013; Traxler, 2000; Wurst, Jones, Luckner, 2005). Fourth grade reading level is considered functionally illiterate because the literate reading level is a 5th or 6th grade (Paul, 1997), and the majority of students who graduate from a high school are functionally illiterate.Show MoreRelatedRti Paper1510 Words   |  7 Pagesto show RTI as the most effective treatment to reduce academic difficulties in children with learning disabilities. Using RTI, 381 students were compared to 377 students who were tested in the previous year using IQ-Achieveme nt Discrepancy Model with positive effect sizes ranging from 0.64 to 0.82 (O’Connor, Bocian, Beach, Sanchez, Flynn, 2013). 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Measuring Test The Stationary Of Data Essay - 1787 Words

Chapter 4 Results 4.1 Test the stationary of data In order to avoid spurious regression, we use ADF test to examine whether the individual economic variables in the model is stationary or not. The original order ADF test was done on the growth of consumer price index (CPI). And the result shows that the P value is 0.031, which is smaller than 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that CPI growth i.e. Inflation has no unit root. Inflation is proved to be stationary. Table 1: ADF test for inflation Then test the stationary of output gap. I have done the same test with output gap. The result shows the P value of original order ADF test of output gap is 0.0408, which is still smaller than 0.05, so we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis that the output sequence has no unit root, thus it is stationary. Table 2: ADF test for output gap Next, text the stationary of money supply growth. The results show that the p value of money supply growth ADF test is also equal to zero, which is same as that of output gap, so we reject null hypothesis and confirm that the data of money supply growth is stationary. Table 3: ADF test for growth of money supply Finally, test the last economic variables: cyclically adjusted fiscal deficit (as percentage of GDP). The results shows that the p value of first order stationary is equal to zero, so it can be inferred that the data has no unit root and is a stationary sequence. TableShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Distraction on Exercise Intensity1046 Words   |  5 Pagesmaintaining the prescribed exercise intensity may not allow the desired benefit from the exercise performed. In summary, measuring BP is an important parameter used diagnostically as well as prognostically. BP measurement not only helps to prescribe the exercise regime and gauge exercise intensity but also help maintain safe and efficacious exercise. 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Media coursework Free Essays

The age 14–25 is an appropriate target audience for the story line I have chosen. My comic book is also aimed at boys which is stereotypical but I found that during my research cost boys buy darker, gorier comic books so this helped me pick the colors for my horror comic book front cover. My comic book also represents the social group of people who Like dark, gothic, horror comics. We will write a custom essay sample on Media coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now I have achieved this through the use of dark colors. By using the Image of a superhero standing tall on the front of the page, this brings In the serious feel to horror. This can then be seen as the person In the image not wanting to mess about, linking to the horror theme again-I researched lots f gothic comic books before so had a very good knowledge of what a typical horror comic book front cover looked like. In this image I decided to make the moon brighter to show the amount of light against the dark colors. Also, this made the comic book front cover stand out more to my audience. Using photos I also cut around the circle to there was no black to make the moon be more clear to the audience against the dark background. Through the process of constructing my product I have become much more advanced at using photos than I was before. It gave me a chance to use a lot of the features which I had not used before such as: the lasso tool which I found extremely helpful when transferring images onto my front cover. I used photos to edit my photos to make them look darker. If I was going to repeat this assignment I would of liked to of chosen a different purely because I am a girl so I am not very interested it that theme. Also, I would of liked to of chosen a different layout for my product because I feel like my comic book was not very original or creative. How to cite Media coursework, Papers

Principles of Corporate Finance for Hospitality-myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about thePrinciples of Corporate Finance for Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction Background and profile description of acquirer firm and its industry As our company is in hospitality industry, the name of our hotel is 18x hotel and currently ranking at top 10 five-star hotels in Malaysia. Our hotel boasts 43 eloquently decorated rooms equipped with everything to make your stay a special one. All rooms offer; flat screen TV's, Hair Dryers, Ironing Facilities and were designed with your comfort in mind. We also offer two Superior rooms that simply add that extra touch to your stay. Free Wi-Fi is available throughout the Hotel and free onsite car parking for all guests. Our main target market is tourist on holiday season because on holiday peak is where most of the people will travel; and thus we provide promotion and discount. Second, we also targeted business man, if they stay our hotel, we provide meeting room and package for business trip, for example, business related trip longer than 1month we provide lower rate compare to normal rate. Background and profile descriptions for the target firms In view of the success we achieve in the hospitality industry, our company intends to acquire a firm of different industry in order to venture in new market and risks diversify. So we target two company, they are caring pharmacy and nestle. Caring Pharmacy SdnBhd is a group of pharmacies under one banner collectively shares the same supply and inventory management similar to that of chain stores; however each outlet is independently owned and operated by pharmacists. Caring pharmacy provide 12 hours a day, 7 days a weekfull time pharmacist service. It also providing easily accessible pharmacist counseling service, free blood pressure checks and other health checks at a minimum fee. Besides that, Caring pharmacy designing the store with a modern, open concept to maximise interaction with customers and merchandise. As at April 2017, Caring has 97 pharmacies nationwide. In terms of number of outlets, Caring is ranked third after Cosway and Guardian, with an estimated market share of 4%. No single operator controls more than 7% of the market. Within the Klang Valley, Caring has a share of 8% (Annual Report 2017, Caring Pharmacy). Nestle is the biggest nutrition and foods company in the globe, established his headquarter in Vevey, Switzerland. As Nestle global business portfolio includes a wide range of brands from food and beverages to health care nutrition, skin health and petcare. Their portfolio covers almost every food and beverage category offering products and services for all stages of life, for example, NaturNes, Nesturn, Milo, Nestea and etc. Every moment of the day, helping people care for themselves and their families (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group). Comparison of financial performance and position of the two target firms Financial Strengths and Weakness of the firms from various perspectives Ratio Analysis Profitability Analysis Profitability Ratios Ratios/Company Name Caring Pharmacy Nestle Group Years 2016 2017 2016 2017 Gross Profit Ratio 17.47% 23.30% 50.60% 49.97% Net Profit Ratio 1.86% 4.17% 9.54% 8.00% Return on Assets 3.87% 6.85% 6.47% 5.51% return on Equity 6.86% 12.39% 13.21% 11.68% Profitability analysis is carried out for determining the amount of profits generated from both the potential companies to be acquired. The profitability analysis of both the companies sis carried out through the use of the following ratios: Gross Profit Ratio: It depicts the relation between the gross profit and total net sale revenue and thus provides an analysis into the operational performance of the companies. It is calculated as follows: Gross Profit Ratio=Gross Profit/Net Sales (Brealey, Myers and Marcus, 2007) It can be stated from the calculation of gross profit ratio of both the companies that Caring Pharmacy gross profit has increased from the year 2016 to 2017 but has been declined for Nestle Group. Net Profit Ratio: It depicts the profitability position of a company after meeting all the operational expenses and is calculated as follows: Net Profit Ratio=Net Profit after tax/Net Sales The net profit ratio of Caring Pharmacy has increased from 1.86% to 4.17% between the financial years 2016-2017 but for nestle it has shown a decreasing trend from 9.54% to 8% for the same time period (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group). Return on assets (ROA): The ratio provides an analysis of the efficiency of the company to realize profits from utilization of its assets and is calculated as follows: Return on Assets=Net Income/Total Assets The ROA ratio Caring Pharmacy has shown a positive trend from the financial year 2016 to 2017 from 3.87% to 6.85% and for Nestle has depicted a declining position from 6.47% to 5.51% for the same financial years. Return on Equity (ROE): It measures the ability of a corporation to generate profit from the money invested by shareholders. It is calculated as follows: ROE=Net Income/Shareholders Equity ROE ratio for Caring Pharmacy has depicted a positive growth from 6.86% to 12.39% and for Nestle has depicted a decreasing trend from 13.21% to 11.68% (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group). Therefore, it can be said from the profitability analysis of both the companies that the financial strength of Caring Pharmacy is its good profitability position while the financial weakness of Nestle is its declining profits (Annual Report 2017, Caring Pharmacy). Liquidity Analysis Liquidity Ratios Ratios/Company Name Caring Pharmacy Nestle Group Years 2016 2017 2016 2017 Current Ratio 2.08 2.01 0.85 0.89 Quick Ratio or Acid Test Ratio 1.03 1.13 0.63 0.64 Working Capital Ratio 94236.00 102241.00 -5475.00 -3864.00 The liquidity analysis helps in predicting the ability of a company to meet its financial obligations. The following ratios are calculated for assessing the liquidity position of both the companies: Current Ratio: It provides a measure of the ability of a company to meet its liabilities with its assets and thus provides an estimate of its financial position. The ratio can be calculated through the use of the following formula: Current Ratio=Current Assets/Current Debts The current ratio for Caring Pharmacy has decreased somewhat from the year 2016 to 2017 but for Nestle Group has shown a positive growth (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group). Quick Ratio: The ratio provides a measure of the ability of a company to meet its short-term liabilities and the formula used for its calculation is as follows: Quick Ratio= (Current Assets-Inventories)/Current Liabilities (Brigham and Michael, 2013) The quick ratio of both the companies is showing positive growth from the financial year 2016 to 2017. Working Capital Ratio: This liquidity ratio assesses the comparison of the current assets of a company in relation to the current liabilities and is calculated through the following formula: Working Capital ratio=Current Assets-Current Liabilities The working capital ratio for Caring Pharmacy has increased from the financial year 2016 to 2017 but the working capital position of nestle is not good as it is having negative working capital (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group). It can be stated from the liquidity analysis that Nestle financially weakness is its negative working capital and that is it is not able to meet effectively its current assets from current liabilities. However, the financial strength of Caring Pharmacy is its positive working capital that means it is having good liquidity position in comparison to Nestle (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group). Asset Management Efficiency Ratios/Turnover Analysis Asset Management Efficiency Ratios/Turnover Ratios Ratios/Company Name Caring Pharmacy Nestle Group Years 2016 2017 2016 2017 Inventory Turnover Ratio 5.04 4.52 10.65 9.91 Receivables Turnover Ratio 473.21 557.57 8.93 7.23 Total Asset Turnover Ratio 2.08 1.64 0.68 0.69 The asset management efficiency ratios are used for analyzing whether the companies are using their assets effectively for generating sales. It is analyzed through calculation of the following ratios: Asset Turnover Ratio: It is an efficiency ratio used for measuring the ability of a company to generate sale from the assets and is calculated through the use of following formula: Asset Turnover Ratio=Net Sales/Average Total Assets The asset turnover ratio of Caring Pharmacy has decreased from the financial year 2017 to 2016 but for Nestle group has been increased (Annual Report 2017, Caring Pharmacy). Inventory Turnover Ratio: It measures the efficiency of a company to replace its inventory and is calculated through the use of following formulae: Inventory Turnover Ratio=Sales/Average Inventory The inventory turnover ratio for both the companies has decreased from the financial year 2017 to 2016. Receivables Turnover Ratio=It is an activity ratio used for measuring the efficiency of a company to use its assets and is calculated through the following formulae: Receivable Turnover Ratio=Net Value of Credit Sales/Average Accounts Receivable The receivables turnover ratio for Caring Pharmacy has increased from the financial year 2016 to 2017 but has been decreased for Nestle for the same period. Thus, it can be said from the analysis of the asset management efficiency ratios that the financial strength of Caring Pharmacy is its higher efficiency in collecting the accounts receivables in comparison to Nestle. However, its financial weakness is that it is not able to utilize effectively its assets to generate sales in comparison to nestle. Also, the financial weakness of both the companies is their less capability to replace inventory that can increase their operational cost and decline profitability. Long Term Financing and investment decisions of target firms Every company depends upon two main type of financing source, debt and equity. Debt capital refers to those financing capitals that bears fixed charge on the profits of company and have to be paid at regular interval while equity capital refers to owners capital which is financed through issues of common equity shares. In order to evaluate the long term financing and investment decision it is important to look after the debt equity ratio, debt to total asset ratio and interest coverage ratio for both the firms for last two years. Long Term Financing Decisions Ratios/Company Name Caring Pharmacy Nestle Group Years 2016 2017 2016 2017 Debt equity ratio 0.60 0.65 0.17 0.26 Debt to total asset ratio 0.34 0.36 0.08 0.12 Interest coverage ratio 67.12 176.62 17.53 13.31 (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group) and (Annual Report 2017, Caring Pharmacy) Debt-Equity Ratio: The ratio is used for measuring the proportion of debt and equity used by a company for financing its assets. The debt-equity ratio is calculated through the formula as follows: Debt-Equity Ratio=Debt/Equity The debt-equity ratio of both the companies is increasing and therefore it can be said that they are using larger proportion of debt in comparison to equity for financing their assets. Debt to total asset ratio: The ratio is used for assessing the proportion of debt used by the company in comparison to the total assets. The debt to total asset ratio has increased from 2016 to 2017 for both Caring Pharmacy and Nestle. Therefore, it can be said that both the companies are adopting high use of financial leverage in financing their assets. Interest Coverage Ratio: The interest coverage ratio is used for determining whether a company can easily meet their expenses on outstanding debt. It is calculated through the use of formula: Interest Coverage Ratio=EBIT/Interest Expenses The interest coverage ratio of Caring Pharmacy has increased from the financial year 2017 to 2016 whereas for Nestle has decreased significantly. Therefore, it can be said that Nestle is not able to meet its interest expenses on outstanding debt appropriately whereas Caring Pharmacy ability to meet interest obligations is appropriate. This is largely due to larger amount of debt used by the company for funding the opening of its new assets such as KIT KAT Chocolatory. Therefore, the presence of high debt on Nestle has caused a significant increased in its interest expenses to which the company has faced somewhat difficulty in meeting up appropriately at present. Distribution Decisions made of the target firms As both the firms belong to different industry and different target market, therefore there can huge differences between the distribution decisions of both firms. In order to evaluate the distribution decision it is important analyse the earning per share, dividend per share, payout ratio and other corporate exercises followed by both the companies. Following is the information of all the required data we need to make analyse: Distribution Decisions Ratios/Company Name Caring Pharmacy Nestle Group Years 2016 2017 2016 2017 Earnings Per share 0.03 0.06 2.75 2.32 Dividend Per share 0.02 0.01 2.23 2.29 Payout Ratio 60.60% 28.40% 79.80% 76.40% (Annual Report 2017: Nestle Group) and (Annual Report 2017, Caring Pharmacy) Earnings per Share: The EPS ratio ensures the amount of earning generated by a company in relation to the money invested by shareholders and therefore it can be said that Caring Pharmacy is generating more revue for its shareholders in comparison to Nestle. Dividend per Share: It provides an assessment of dividend paid out to shareholders by a company for it outstanding shares. The dividend per share ratio of Nestle has increased from 2016 to 2017 but for Caring Pharmacy has decreased for the same period. Therefore, it can be said nestle is providing more dividend to shareholders in comparison to Caring Pharmacy. Payout Ratio: It provides a comparison of the dividend paid out by a company in proportion to the total net income realized. The payout ratio for both the companies has been decreased from 2016 to 0217 which indicates that their ability to payout the dividend in comparison to the net income has decreased significantly (Bromwich and Bhimani, 2005). Valuation Technique to estimate the fair value of firms The discounted cash flow method is the best method to value the target firm offer price. The most appropriate free cash flow (FCF) used in this calculation is cash flow after the capital expenditures that is important for ongoing concern. In this method there is required to estimate the free cash flows using the pro forma financial statements. The main purpose of using DCF method is it allows changes in cash flow in future time period. The cash flow is purely based on future cash flows. So it can be said that DCF is best method to estimate the offer price of target firms. Recommendations Based on overall calculations it is advised to the 18x hotel to acquire the Caring Pharmacy as their target company because it has better profitability, highly efficient asset management as compare to Nestle Group and very liquidity performance in both the years (Lumby and Jones, 2007). Conclusion Merger and acquisition decision requires complete strategic and financial analysis of the target firm as well as acquirer firm so that best firm can be selected from the selected target companies. On the basis overall results and offer price, Caring Pharmacy has been suggested to 18x Hotel as best target company. References Annual Report 2017. Nestle Group. [Online]. Available at: https://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/financial_statements/2017-financial-statements-en.pdf [Accessed on: 9 April, 2018]. Annual Report 2017. Caring Pharmacy. [Online]. Available at: https://caring.irplc.com/investor-relations.html [Accessed on: 9 April, 2018]. Brealey, R., Myers, S.C. and Marcus, A.J., 2007. FundamentalsofCorporate Finance. Mc Graw Hill, New York. Brigham, F., and Michael C. 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Bromwich, M. and Bhimani, A., 2005.Management accounting: Pathways to progress. Cima publishing. Lumby,S and Jones,C. 2007. Corporate finance theory practice. Thomson.